The focus on medicinal plant research has been increased worldwide because of the belief that “green medicine” is safe and cheaper than synthetic drugs. The plant Caesalpinia bonducella L. has been used in different system of traditional medication for the treatment of various diseases and ailments of human beings. It is reported to contain various amino acids, fatty acids, starch, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids and saponins. It has been reported to exhibit anthelmintic, antiestrogenic, antimalarial, antispasmodic, Ca++ antagonistic, antiproliferative, antipsoriatic, antitumor, anxiolytic, larvicidal, immunomodulatory, antiamyloidogenic, antihyperlipidemic, antipyretic, analgesic, diuretic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifilarial activities. This review attempts to encompass the available literature on C. bonducella with respect to its pharmacognostic characters, chemical constituents, nutritional characters, various pharmacological activities, traditional uses and modern use.