China has attached great importance to the construction of harmonious society under the new situation, and also put the construction of harmonious society and the economic, political, cultural and ecological civilization construction in a prominent position. The science and technology, which is as the intrinsic motivation of developing the advanced productive forces, advanced culture, and realizing the fundamental interests of the masses, plays a very important role in the process of building a harmonious society. This paper firstly discusses the role of progress of science and technology in the harmonious development of man and nature and the transformation of economic growth mode and the political construction of harmonious society; Secondly, elaborating the factors, which are the quality improvement, sustainable development strategies and the government, would guarantee the benign development of the progress of science and technology; Finally, this paper puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions about how to effectively promote and use scientific and technological progress, accelerate the construction of harmonious social development. One is to increase investment in university research and promote scientific and technological innovation; two is to strengthen the scientific and technological innovation, vigorously develop science and technology and alleviate human ecological crisis; three is to strengthen the scientific and technological innovation, and cognize the order of nature and achieve the harmony between man and nature. In short, the progress of science and technology would promote the construction of harmonious society and construction of Socialist harmonious society is also inseparable from the support and promote of science and technology.