Description

Biomolecules are essential in many biological activities, including disease development, so effective detection of biomolecules is vital for disease diagnosis and therapy. Graphene-based materials have been utilised to build a variety of biosensors with varied sensing methods, including optical and electro-chemical signalling.

Biomolecules are chemical compounds produced by living organisms that range in size from tiny molecules like metabolites to huge molecules like protein and carbohydrates. Because these biomolecules are the essential building blocks of living creatures, their presence at optimum concentrations are critical for the structure and efficient function of living cells. Any variations in the concentration of certain biomolecules can cause cells and organisms to malfunction. As a result, proper measurement and monitoring of the concentration of certain biomolecules in a living system are essential for ensuring the health of the cells and living organisms. Since this biomolecule recognition element is particular to the biomolecule of interest, it does not detect any other biomolecule besides the analyte. Biological probes comprised of cells or molecules, such as aptamers, proteins, and nucleic acids, are commonly used as biomolecule recognition elements. Enzymes that catalyse specific electron exchange events can also be utilised as biomolecule recognition components. The signal is transferred from one form to another by transducers.

In bio-systems such as cells, biomolecules such as DNA and proteins assemble into cellular mechanism and networks. The functions carried out by molecular machines and biosystems reflect the characteristics of biomolecules. Recent advances in molecular cell biology have enabled the identification of biomolecules and their functions. Advances in structural biology have enabled the determination of fundamental static structures with atomic resolution. When these molecules function, they behave in a kinetic and dynamic manner. To comprehend the underlying mechanism of the functions, it is necessary to observe the dynamic and kinetic behaviours of biomolecules under typical operating circumstances.

Traditionally, weak signals from individual molecules are gathered from a large number of molecules in an ensemble measurement. The signals are amplified and the S/N ratio is raised throughout the averaging process, but some information, such as the dynamic, kinetic, and fluctuating features of biomolecules, is lost. Recent advances in lasers, detectors, and other methods have enabled for detection of weak signals from individual molecules. These strategies have enabled the detection of individual biomolecule behaviour without the need of averaging. The single-molecule measurements offered unique information that could not be obtained from traditional ensemble measurements. The data is particularly useful in understanding the processes behind the function of biomolecules and bio-systems. When utilised as "natural biomaterials," biomolecules are all biological materials excluding cells and structural proteins. Proteins, lipids, and other biomolecules can perform a variety of tasks, such as providing structural stability to tissue-engineered constructions. These include a variety of growth factors, differentiation factors, and angiogenic factors that are required for all types of tissue engineering, as well as bone morphogenic proteins with a wide range of functional capabilities. Many biomolecules can help the host with a variety of activities, including cell adhesion, cell proliferation (or death), cell differentiation, cell migration, neovascularization, and so on. All activities may, in fact, be performed differently depending on biochemical, cellular, and bio-mechanical activity.