Nerium oleander L. is an important Chinese folk med icine. It is a vegetatively propagated ornamental plant, valued for its evergreen foliage and showy terminal flower clusters that are available in different colors. Oleander is cultivat ed recently as a flowering pot plant and therefore abundant propagation of plant material fo r commercial use is of great importance. This species also produces secondary metabolites, s ome of which are pharmacological interests. The important pharmacological activities are anti-i nflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, antinociceptive, and CNS depressant activity. This paper explains the evidence-based information regarding the phytochemistry and pharma cological activity of this plant.